Hughes v. Oklahoma, 441 U.S. 322 (1979), was a United States Supreme Court decision, which held that the United States Congress may enact legislation governing wildlife on federal lands.

The underlying legal controversy arose when William Hughes was convicted of shipping minnows fished from Oklahoma waters out of the state.

The Court thereby overruled Geer v. Connecticut (1896), rejecting the earlier case's "19th century legal fiction of state ownership" of wildlife.

In the Court's view, this "fiction" had "been eroded to the point of virtual extinction in cases involving regulation of wild animals."

With the fall of Geer, the last precedential impediment to the federal government's wildlife management authority was removed.