Human migration
Human migration is the movement of people from one place to another,[1] with intentions of settling, permanently or temporarily, at a new location (geographic region).
The reasons for the refugees' migration usually involve war actions within the country or other forms of oppression, coming either from the government or non-governmental sources.
[9] Asylum seekers are associated with persons who also leave their country unwillingly, yet, who also do not do so under oppressing circumstances such as war or death threats.
The motivation to leave the country for asylum seekers might involve an unstable economic or political situation or high rates of crime.
Temporary movement for travel, tourism, pilgrimages, or the commute is also not regarded as migration, in the absence of an intention to live and settle in the visited places.
[40] At levels of roughly 3 percent the share of migrants among the world population has remained remarkably constant over the last 5 decades.
"Push" factors are the negative aspects(for example wars) of the country of origin, often decisive in people's choice to emigrate.
For example, the government of Armenia periodically gives incentives to people who will migrate to live in villages close to the border with Azerbaijan.
This is an implementation of a push strategy, and the reason people do not want to live near the border is security concerns given tensions and hostility because of Azerbaijan.
Immigrants leave their beloved homes to seek a life in camps, spontaneous settlement, and countries of asylum.
The term was first coined by the UN in 1990 to describe immigrants who were traveling through countries surrounding Europe to end up in a European Union state.
[46] Another example of transit migrants is Central Americans who travel through Mexico in order to live in the United States.
Thus one category of economic migrants – generally from impoverished developing countries – migrates to obtain sufficient income for survival.
This means that many have relatives who live legally in the (former) colonial metro pole and who often provide important help for immigrants arriving in that metropole.
[53] The geographical proximity of Africa to Europe and the long historical ties between Northern and Southern Mediterranean countries also prompt many to migrate.
Neoclassical economic theory best describes transnational migration because it is not confined by international immigration laws and similar governmental regulations.
[56] Dual labour market theory states that pull factors in more developed countries mainly cause migration.
In this case, the household needs extra capital that can be achieved through remittances sent back by family members who participate in migrant labour abroad.
[62] Relative deprivation theory states that awareness of the income difference between neighbours or other households in the migrant-sending community is essential in migration.
During these periods, water availability, adequate climate, security and population density represent the natural determinants of human migration.
[65] In this framework, work on social remittances by Peggy Levitt and others has led to a stronger conceptualisation of how migrants affect socio-political processes in their countries of origin.
[75] In this field, the majority of work has focused on immigration politics, viewing migration from the perspective of the country of destination.
[79][80] Push factors: Pull factors: The modern field of climate history suggests that the successive waves of Eurasian nomadic movement throughout history have had their origins in climatic cycles, which have expanded or contracted pastureland in Central Asia, especially Mongolia and to its west the Altai Mountains.
People were displaced from their home ground by other tribes trying to find land that essential flocks could graze, each group pushing the next further to the south and west, into the highlands of Anatolia, the Pannonian Plain, into Mesopotamia, or southwards, into the rich pastures of China.
Bogumil Terminski uses the term "migratory domino effect" to describe this process in the context of Sea People invasion.
To produce food, security and reproduction, human beings must, out of necessity, move out of their usual habitation and enter into indispensable social relationships that are cooperative or antagonistic.
Human beings also develop the tools and equipment to interact with nature to produce the desired food and security.
Social services in the towns and cities are provided to meet these basic needs for human survival and pleasure.
[85] Comparative surveys reveal varying degrees of openness to migrants across countries, considering policies such as visa availability, employment prerequisites, and paths to residency.
Settler colonies relied on the attraction of metropolitan migrants with the promise of settlement and increasingly outnumbering, displacing or killing indigenous peoples.
