Sterilization (medicine)
Sterilization (also spelled sterilisation) is any of a number of medical methods of permanent birth control that intentionally leaves a person unable to reproduce.
Statistics confirm that a handful of tubal sterilization surgeries are performed shortly after a vaginal delivery mostly by minilaparotomy.
[1] Surgical sterilization methods include: Transluminal procedures are performed by entry through the female reproductive tract.
In the 1977 textbook Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment, on page 787, the authors speculate about future possible oral sterilants for humans.
Chemical, e.g. drug-based methods are available, e.g. orally-administered Lonidamine[8] for temporary, or permanent (depending on the dose) fertility management.
Motivations for voluntary sterilizations include: Because of the emphasis placed on childbearing as the most important role of women, not having children was traditionally seen as a deficiency or due to fertility problems.
Regarding other relationships, some women chose to forgo children because they wanted to maintain the "type of intimacy that they found fulfilling" with their partners.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services administers Title X, which is the sole federal program dedicated to family planning.
Under Title X, public and nonprofit private agencies receive grants to operate clinics that provide care largely to the uninsured and the underinsured.
Unlike Title X, Medicaid is an entitlement program that is jointly funded by federal and state governments to "provide medical care to various low-income populations".
[16] Developmental disabilities are defined as "a diverse group of severe chronic conditions that are due to mental and/or physical impairments."
"[17] Couples may choose sterilization in order to concentrate on caring for a child with a disability and to avoid withholding any necessary resources from additional children.
For couples without children, technological advancements have enabled the use of carrier screening and prenatal testing for the detection of genetic disorders in prospective parents or in their unborn offspring.
[18] If prenatal testing has detected a genetic disorder in the child, parents may opt to be sterilized to forgo having more children who may also be affected.
[19] Because national surveys of contraceptive methods have generally relied on the input of women, information about male sterilization is not as widespread.
In contrast to female sterilization trends, vasectomy was associated with white males and those who had ever visited a family planning clinic.
[21] Compulsory sterilization refers to governmental policies put in place as part of human population planning or as a form of eugenics (changing hereditary qualities of a race or breed by controlling mating) to prevent certain groups of people from reproducing.
One of the theories supporting incentivizing or subsidy programs in the United States is that it offers contraception to citizens who may not be able to afford it.
Medical advances in the past fifty years have lowered the death rate, resulting in large population density and overcrowding.
In the 1960s, the governments of three Indian states and one large private company offered free vasectomies to some employees, occasionally accompanied by a bonus.
Since families were encouraged to keep the number of children to a minimum, son preference meant that female fetuses or young girls were killed at a rapid rate.
For example, in Shanghai, parents with "extra children" must pay between three and six times the city's average yearly income in "social maintenance fees".
In Poland, reproductive sterilisation of men or women has been defined as a criminal act since 1997[32]: 19 and remains so as of 5 September 2019[update], under Article 156 §1, which also covers making someone blind, deaf or mute, of the 1997 law.
Among women who had interval tubal sterilization, studies have shown a null or positive effect on female sexual interest and pleasure.
Some potential risks of tubal sterilization include "bleeding from a skin incision or inside the abdomen, infection, damage to other organs inside the abdomen, side effects from anesthesia, ectopic pregnancy (an egg that becomes fertilized outside the uterus), [and] incomplete closing of a fallopian tube that results in pregnancy.
Additionally, the vas deferens, the part of the male anatomy that transports sperm, may grow back together, which could result in unintended pregnancy.
[40] In countries that are more entrenched in the traditional patriarchal system, female sterilizations can inspire abusive behavior from husbands for various reasons.
If a woman marries again after sterilization, her new husband might be displeased with her inability to bear him children, causing tumult in the marriage.
Sexual activity remains fairly constant and marital relationships do not suffer, as long as the sterilization decision was made collaboratively between the two partners.
[39] As the Chinese government tried to communicate to their people after the population boom between 1953 and 1971, having fewer children allows more of a family's total resources to be dedicated to each child.
