[6] A 2011 study which reconstructs the phylogenetic history of genus Hydrocynus using comparisons of a protein-coding gene called cytochrome b, revealed several mtDNA clades in this region, suggesting a higher tigerfish species richness than traditionally recognized.

The study’s analyses indicate that populations of H. goliath may have been prevented from upstream dispersal in the geologic past by knickpoints, or sharp changes in the channel bed slope, in the Luvua river.

[7] The goliath tigerfish has a characteristic silvery gray dorsum and flanks, with a tunniform body plan similar to that of tuna, featuring black adipose fins.

The goliath tigerfish is described as the "Monster Fish of the Congo" by a 2008 documentary by National Geographic, a reflection of its monster-like qualities and of its perception by local people and hunters.

[9] On average each of its teeth can grow up to 2.5 cm (1 in),[4] according to biologist and television presenter Jeremy Wade,[8] which is comparable to the tooth size of a Great White shark.

These massive jaws and teeth are what sets this species apart from all other tigerfish of the genus Hydrocynus and make for easy identification, especially given its endemism to the Congo Basin.

Their huge, powerful, rigid teeth make them one of the most ferocious predators of the Congo basin, dangerous for the smaller fish they prey on as well as for the hunters who attempt to capture them for sport and for food.

[citation needed]  They have been known to attack larger animals, taking "chunks" out of large fish, crocodiles, humans, or even each other in desperate times.

To combat this, many sellers use either traditional methods or toxic pesticides that increase the shelf life, the latter of which has health implications for Africans eating the fish.

Researchers recommend further study regarding the specific bacterial concentrations at each stage of the processing of dried fish, as well as training for the sellers regarding safer handling practices.

The goliath tigerfish is sometimes kept as a display fish in home aquarium setups, however due to their enormous size, often times reaching over 84 in (2,100 mm) in length they are not suitable, except among the most experienced fishkeepers with the ability to house them.