Epaxial and hypaxial muscles

In humans, the erector spinae, the transversospinales (including the multifidus, semispinalis and rotatores), the splenius and suboccipital muscles are the only epaxial muscles.

Hypaxial and epaxial muscles develop directly from somitic cells.

Differentiation of hypaxial and epaxial muscles is postulated to have evolved as a new trait in vertebrate animals.

[2] The hypaxial muscles are located on the ventral side of the body, often below the horizontal septum in many species (primarily fish and amphibians).

In all species, the hypaxial muscles are innervated by the ventral ramus (branch) of the spinal nerves, while the epaxial muscles are innervated by the dorsal ramus.