Independent Workers of North America was a union created as a result of a split within the cement division of the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers, known as the Boilermakers Union.
[1] In 1991, cement workers from the Independent Workers of North America joined the United Paperworkers International Union (UPIU).
[2] In 1999, the United Paperworkers International Union (UPIU) and Oil, Chemical, and Atomic Workers Union International Union (OCAW) merged to create the Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers International Union (PACE).
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