Indian feudalism

As a result, child malnourishment is common, in spite of modern Bihar's status as having the fastest growth in gross domestic product in India.

The Madigas and other lower castes were required to carry their footwear in their hands if they were passing in front of the gadi or dora.

The phrase “Banchen Dora née Kalmoktha“ became a popular saying during the rebellion, capturing the peasants’ deep-rooted resentment towards the feudal lords.

The phrase literally means “I am your slave my lord, I bow to your feet” and reflected the severe exploitation of the peasants under the oppressive feudal system.

Initially, Madhya Pradesh was inhabited by numerous tribes who lived in densely forested regions with no semblance of authority.

However, after the Maratha conquest of these regions by General Raghuji Bhonsle, these zamindars were displaced from the plains and were forced to retreat into the forest areas.

[8] Many of these zamindars rebelled in the Revolt of 1857 against the English East India Company, were defeated, their leaders executed and the feudal lands annexed to direct British territory as a result.

Several zamindaris were established in the Madras Presidency (present-day Tamil Nadu and adjoining areas) from 1799 onwards.

The largest estate was that of Panyam; which was ruled by a Deshastha family of Vishvamitra gotra (lineage) and was liberal and enlightened.