Yasaman Daghighi and Dongqing Li, for the first time, experimentally illustrated these induced vortices around a 1.2 mm diameter carbon-steel sphere under the 40V/cm direct current (DC) external electric filed.
[1] Chenhui Peng et al.[3] also experimentally showed the patterns of electro-osmotic flow around an Au sphere when alternating current (AC) is involved (E=10mV/μm, f=1 kHz).
Electrokinetics here refers to a branch of science related to the motion and reaction of charged particles to the applied electric filed and its effects on its environment.
Such micro-mixers which are used for biochemical, medicine, biology applications has no mechanical parts and only use conducting surfaces to generate induced vortices to mix the different fluid streams.
In addition the induced vortices around the conducting surfaces in a microfluidic system can be used as a micro-valve, micro-actuator, micro-motor and micro-regulator to control the direction and manipulation.