[1] These are terms that can either refer to bidirectional information transfer in telecommunications and computer science or communication seen from a system-theoretic or information-theoretic point of view.
One example of United States government's attempt to implement one of these design patterns (one to one) is the National Information Exchange Model (NIEM).
[7][8] One-to-one exchange models fall short of supporting all of the required design patterns needed to fully implement data exploitation technology.
The resulting commission report led to the enactment of several executive orders by President Bush that mandated agencies to implement policies to "share information" across organizational boundaries.
In addition, an Information Sharing Environment Program Manager[9] (PM-ISE) was appointed, tasked to implement the provisions of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004.