Instrumental chemistry

Mass spectrometry measures mass-to-charge ratio of molecules using electric and magnetic fields.

Crystallography is a technique that characterizes the chemical structure of materials at the atomic level by analyzing the diffraction patterns of electromagnetic radiation or particles that have been deflected by atoms in the material.

From the raw data, the relative placement of atoms in space may be determined.

Examples of hyphenated techniques: The visualization of single molecules, single biological cells, biological tissues and nanomaterials is very important and attractive approach in analytical science.

Devices that integrate multiple laboratory functions on a single chip of only a few square millimeters or centimeters in size and that are capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes down to less than picoliters.