Between 2005 and the summer of 2014, the EPP campaign resulted in at least 145 deaths, the majority of them local ranchers, private security guards, and police officers, along with several insurgents.

The 1989 fall of the Stroessner dictatorship in Paraguay fueled the rapid development of previously banned, left-wing political groups.

Following the release of its members in early 2000, MPL launched a recruiting campaign and adopted kidnapping as its main source of funds.

A search of the couple's house in the city of San Lorenzo followed the arrest; intelligence materials and operating manuals were seized.

[32] After the PPL was taken apart by security forces in 2005, several members decided to form a new group with which to continue the armed struggle,[33] adopting its current name in 2008.

The book is named after Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia, a dictator who ruled over Paraguay between 1814 and 1841, and incorporates elements of Bolivarianism and Marxism–Leninism.

[35] An additional EPP splinter faction formed called Ejército de Mariscal López (EML), some of whose members later reconstituted ACA in 2017.

[37] From 2008 until the summer of 2014, the EPP campaign resulted in around 50 deaths in total,[16] the majority of them being local ranchers, private security guards and police officers, along with several insurgents.