Internal passport
However, in some post-Soviet countries, the word "passport" is implied to merely mean a primary identification document, especially if has the form of a booklet.
A famous holder of the yellow passport is the former bagnard Jean Valjean the hero of the novel Les Misérables by Victor Hugo.
In the early 19th century, many emigrants obtained cheaper and easier-to-obtain internal passports to travel to the port of Le Havre, from which most ships to the United States departed.
These laws also made it compulsory for all black South Africans over the age of 15 to carry a pass book at all times.
In 1932, the "passport regime" was reintroduced, its declared purpose to improve the registration of population and "relieve" major industrial cities and other sensitive localities of "hiding kulaks and dangerous political elements" and those "not engaged in labor of social usefulness".
The "passportization" process developed gradually involving factories, large, medium, and small cities, settlements, and rural areas, and finally became universal by the mid-1970s.
For example, a valid propiska was necessary to receive higher education or medical treatment, although these services were not limited to the location registered.
All residents were required by law to record their address in the document and to report any relevant changes to a local office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Nevertheless, passports were necessary for temporary propiska in a number of situations such as checking in a hotel or renting a private dwelling (no marks were placed in the document).
Moreover, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, Soviet internal passports, accompanied with a special leaflet, were valid for traveling to most Comecon countries and Yugoslavia as a member of a touristic group.
Passports issued in autonomous entities may, on the bearer's request, contain an additional leaf duplicating all data in one of the official local languages.
The misconception is partly reinforced by the fact that the existing rules for registration make it an onerous process, dependent on the consent of landlords, which effectively prevents tenants of flats from registering.
From a practical point of view, the long deadline makes it difficult to prove avoidance of residency registration and so to prosecute.
In November 2010, the Federal Migration Service announced the possible cancellation of internal passports, which, if it were implemented, would be replaced by plastic ID cards or drivers' licenses.
An estimated 150 to 200 million people are part of the "blind flow" and have unofficially migrated, generally from poor, rural areas to wealthy, urban ones.
However, unofficial residents are often denied official services such as education and medical care and are sometimes subject to both social and political discrimination.
The Kennkarte was the basic identity document in use inside Germany (including occupied incorporated territories) during the Third Reich era.
For example the New Hampshire Assembly in 1714 passed "An Act To Prevent Disorders In The Night":[11][12] Whereas great disorders, insolencies and burglaries are oft times raised and committed in the night time by Indian, Negro, and Molatto Servants and Slaves to the Disquiet and hurt of her Majesty, No Indian, Negro, or Molatto is to be from Home after 9 o'clock.Notices emphasizing the curfew were published in The New Hampshire Gazette in 1764 and 1771.
[11] Internal passports were required for African Americans in the southern slave states before the American Civil War, for example, an authenticated internal passport dated 1815 was presented to Massachusetts citizen George Barker to allow him to freely travel as a free black man to visit relatives in slave states.
