A broad range of scientific topics are covered by its commission, task groups, joint programmes and affiliated organizations.

IUGS promotes and encourages the study of geological problems, especially those of worldwide significance, and supports and facilitates international and inter-disciplinary co-operation in the earth sciences.

IUGS is a joint partner with UNESCO for the International Geoscience Programme (IGCP) and also participates in the Global Geoparks Network (GGN).

The Geological Society of India produces and distributes the Union's quarterly journal, entitled Episodes, as well as providing editorial support.

[12] To celebrate the sixtieth anniversary of its establishment, in 2022, IUGS published a list of 100 sites around the world that it holds to be significant in the development of the earth sciences.