The 13th verse of Al-Hujurat states: "O people, We have created you male and female and made you into nations and tribes that you may know one another [not to fight each other].
[7] Jamal al-Din al-Afghani led an Internationalist and anti-nationalist movement and wanted unity among Muslims.
Rida called on Arabs to make a pan-Islamist project aimed at the revival of the Islamic caliphate which incorporates all Muslim lands.
[9] Rida also called upon Muslims to build a political system based on Islam; rather than nationalism, which he frequently condemned as a Western ideology.
The Kemalists aimed to Turkify and secularise and Turkey and went as far as banning the hijab and the adoption of the Turkish adhan.
Many decades later, during the Cold War and Operation Gladio, the Turkish–Islamic synthesis emerged, where Alparslan Türkeş, an advocate of the Turkish adhan, began opening Grey Wolves training camps with American support to train its members to fight against leftists, Alevis, Kurds, as well as Islamists that did not accept Turkish nationalism.
Khomeini made many attempts to bridge the divide between Sunnis and Shias and also to eradicate nationalism in Iran.
However, the Iraqi Ba'ath Party had a much stronger Anti-Iranian sentiment[23][24] and only turned religious after the Faith Campaign after Iraq's defeat during the Gulf War but kept the nationalism.
[27] Hamas also mixes Palestinian nationalism with Islamism, which makes it have conflicts with ISG and other Salafist organizations.