[3] Isotonitazene (obtained from an online vendor) was fully characterized in November 2019 in a paper where the authors performed a full analytical structure elucidation in addition to determination of the potency at the μ-opioid receptor using a biological functional assay in vitro.

While isotonitazene was not compared directly to morphine in this assay, it was found to be around 2.5 times more potent than hydromorphone and slightly more potent than fentanyl.

[3][15] Side effects of benzimidazole derived opioids are likely to be similar to those of fentanyl, which include itching, nausea and potentially serious respiratory depression, which can be life-threatening.

[16] Isotonitazene has been detected in multiple fatalities in Europe since March 2019[17] and in the U.S. since August 2019, as reported by NPS Discovery, the Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, and NMS Labs.

[18][19] The US Drug Enforcement Administration issued a notice of intent to publish a temporary order to schedule isotonitazene in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act,[20] which came into effect on 20 August 2020.