[3] At the end of the season, Trouba was named a First Team All-American and was also honored as the Central Collegiate Hockey Association's (CCHA) Best Offensive Defenseman.

The Jets lost the game, but Trouba recorded his first NHL playoff point assisting on Adam Lowry's first period goal.

[12] On February 21, 2017, Trouba was suspended for two games by the NHL for an illegal check to the head of Ottawa Senators' forward Mark Stone.

[28] Following the Jets' successful 2018 playoffs in which the team reached the Conference finals for the first time in franchise history, Trouba filed for salary arbitration.

[36] Trouba scored his first goal for the Rangers, as well as two assists, during the 2019–20 season opener on October 3 against his former team, the Winnipeg Jets.

[39] He played in 70 games with the Rangers, scoring seven goals and 27 points before the NHL suspended the season due to the COVID-19 pandemic on March 12, 2020.

[12][40] When play resumed for the 2020 Stanley Cup playoffs, the Rangers faced the Carolina Hurricanes in the best-of-five qualifying round.

[12] He registered a three-point game on January 22, 2022, scoring two goals and marking one assist in a 7–3 victory over the Arizona Coyotes.

[43] The Rangers went on a deep run in the 2022 Stanley Cup playoffs, advancing to the Eastern Conference finals, but ultimately lost to the Tampa Bay Lightning in six games.

He also became the 12th defenseman in team history to be named captain and the fourth consecutive U.S.-born player to wear the "C" on his sweater after Chris Drury (2008–2011), Ryan Callahan (2011–2014) and McDonagh (2014–2018).

Trouba had served as an alternate captain the previous two years while being lauded for his leadership abilities by both his first Rangers coach, David Quinn, and his successor, Gerard Gallant.

In the first period, he fought Jujhar Khaira, whom he had concussed and knocked unconscious with an open-ice hit in the last game between the Rangers and Blackhawks the previous season.

[48] On April 5, 2023, Trouba was named the recipient of the second annual "Mr. Ranger Award" presented in memory of Rod Gilbert.

The award is given to the Rangers player "who best honors Rod's legacy by exemplifying leadership qualities both on and off the ice, and making a significant humanitarian contribution to his community.

[12] The 2023–24 regular season was a major success for the Rangers, who won the Presidents' Trophy as the league's top team.

[12] In the 2024 Stanley Cup playoffs, the Rangers advanced to the Eastern Conference final again, but were eliminated by the Florida Panthers in six games.

[12] However, the rumors resumed after a memo that had been sent out by the Rangers to other NHL general managers listing the players available for trade, with Trouba's name among them, was leaked to the media in November.

[57] On December 6, with his future with the Rangers clouded and the team still trying to move him off the roster, it was revealed that Trouba would be held out of the lineup for that evening's game against the Pittsburgh Penguins.

He was told that he would be placed on waivers at 2 p.m. that day if he did not accept a trade, which would have allowed any team to claim Trouba for free, regardless of it they were on his no-trade list or not.

[59] The way in which Rangers' management had handled the Trouba situation was not well received by New York players and reportedly was one of the factors which affected the team's play during the 2024–25 season.

[64] Trouba spent much of his amateur career playing for the U.S. National Team Development Program in the USHL and at several international tournaments.

[65] At the World Junior Championship in 2013, Trouba was named the tournament's top defenseman and earned a spot on the All-Star Team.

Trouba creates his works with artist Michael Geschwer by skating into blank canvases while wearing full hockey gear coated in paint.