James Churchill Oliver (August 6, 1895 – December 25, 1986) was a U.S. Representative from Maine.

He enlisted in the United States Army on June 4, 1917, attended the Plattsburg Barracks Training Camp, and was commissioned a captain on November 27, 1917.

He was promoted to major of Infantry on October 9, 1918, and transferred to the Inspector General's Department until honorably discharged on July 22, 1919.

He served as lieutenant commander in the United States Coast Guard from January 26, 1943, to April 23, 1946.

In 1946 he engaged in the real estate and insurance business in Maine and California.