James Edmund Callaway (July 7, 1834 – August 21, 1905) was an American politician and lawyer.
Born in Trigg County, Kentucky, Callaway and his family moved to Illinois in 1848.
During the American Civil War, Callaway served in the 21st Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment.
In 1871, President Ulysses Grant appointed Callaway Secretary for Montana Territory serving until 1877.
Callaway, wife, and family lived in Virginia City, Montana where he continued to practiced law.