He attended Musselburgh Grammar School leaving at sixteen to take up an apprenticeship with an insurance company.
His father was chief accountant to the Edinburgh City Chamberlain.
His conservative political outlook was originally inherited by James.
In 1923 he succeeded George Sims as General Secretary of the National Council of Labour Colleges.
As funds from trade unions were paid to the National Council, this meant that regional autonomy was eroded: although each division elected its own Council and executive committee, the divisional organiser was appointed nationally.