James Webb Throckmorton (February 1, 1825 – April 21, 1894) was an American politician who served as the 12th governor of Texas from 1866 to 1867 during the early days of Reconstruction.

A few months later, he was assigned as an assistant surgeon to the Texas Rangers, until receiving a medical discharge in June of that year.

Throckmorton defeated Elisha M. Pease in the Texas gubernatorial election of June 25, 1866, at the same time that the legislature approved a new constitution.

He angered the local military commander, Major General Charles Griffin, who persuaded his superior, Philip H. Sheridan, to remove Throckmorton from office and replace him with Elisha M. Pease, an appointed Republican and Unionist.

[2] As the Radical Republicans' influence began to wane in the mid-1870s, Throckmorton was elected to Congress representing Texas's 3rd Congressional District in 1874 and re-elected in 1876.