Jamshid Gharajedaghi (Persian: جمشید قراچهداغی, born c. 1940) is an Iranian-American organizational theorist, management consultant, and Adjunct Professor of Systems thinking at Villanova University.
Traditionally, two types of models have been used in efforts to acquire information, knowledge and understanding of social systems: mechanistic and organismic.
Gharajedaghi (1999) explained the context: In a global market economy with ever-increasing levels of disturbance, a viable business can no longer be locked into a single form or function.
In this context, proper functioning of self-reference would certainly prevent the vacillations and the random search for new products/markets that have, over the past years, destroyed so many businesses.In fact, the ability to continuously match the portfolio of internal competencies with the portfolio of emerging market opportunities is the foundation of the emerging concept of new business architecture ...[9]According to Bodine and Hilty (2009) "important advances in this area borrowed from the operations discipline came in 1993 in the form of Michael Hammer and James Champy's book Reengineering the Corporation, which introduced tools for mapping and optimizing business activities using process modeling.
The Balanced Scorecard developed by Robert Kaplan and David Norton at about the same time enabled the business to measure overall corporate success against goals on qualitative as well as quantitative dimensions.