[6] In May 2013, Duda achieved his final norm required for the title of Grandmaster, in the European Individual Championship, at the age of 15 years and 21 days.

[14] In September 2015, he finished equal first with Mikhail Antipov in the World Junior Chess Championship in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, and received a silver medal after tiebreaks.

[15][16] In 2016, he was awarded by the President of Poland Andrzej Duda (not related) the Silver Cross of Merit for his "great sports achievements in 2016 as well as contributions to popularizing the game of chess".

[17] On 1 July 2017, Duda became the first Polish junior player to break the 2700 barrier in FIDE rating, achieving the highest ranking in his chess career so far.

[23] During the 2018 Chess Olympiad held in Batumi, Georgia, he defeated Vassily Ivanchuk and drew against Levon Aronian, Viswanathan Anand, Fabiano Caruana, Shakhriyar Mamedyarov and Sergey Karjakin, claiming fourth place overall with the Polish team.

[25] In December 2018, Duda finished in second place in the World Blitz Chess Championship in Saint Petersburg, scoring 16½/21 (+15–3=3), half a point behind the winner Magnus Carlsen.

In November 2019, Duda participated in the Hamburg FIDE Grand Prix tournament, which is part of the qualification cycle for the World Chess Championship 2020.

[29] At the FIDE Online Chess Olympiad 2020, he won bronze medal after the Polish team reached the semi-finals of the tournament and lost in a match-deciding tie-break 1-2 against India.

He then knocked out Vidit Gujrathi in the quarterfinals and eliminated the World Chess Champion Magnus Carlsen in the tiebreaker of the semifinals to qualify for the 2022 Candidates Tournament.

[37][38] In April 2022, Duda won the Oslo Esports Cup ahead of Magnus Carlsen, Anish Giri, and Shakhriyar Mamedyarov.

[39] In May 2022, he won the Superbet Rapid & Blitz tournament (hosted in Warsaw as part of the 2022 Grand Chess Tour) with a convincing four-point lead ahead of Levon Aronian and Viswanathan Anand.

[41] In October, he won the Aimchess Rapid, his second win of the year as part of Champions Chess Tour, ahead of Shakhriyar Mamedyarov.

He caused controversy at the event for refusing to shake hands with Russian chess grandmaster Denis Khismatullin before their game in round one.