[12] Other major enclaves are found in French Guiana, Malaysia, the Netherlands, New Caledonia, Singapore, South Africa, and Sri Lanka.

While the migration was dominated by the Ma'anyan people of Borneo, Javanese involvement is evidenced by an abundance of loanwords in the Malagasy language.

[18] During the late 16th century, numerous Javanese fleaing conflict between the Demak, the Pajang, and the Mataram, migrated to Palembang in southern Sumatra.

[21] Large migrations to the Malay Peninsula occurred during the colonial period, mostly from Central Java to British Malaya.

Today these people live throughout Peninsular Malaysia and are mainly concentrated in parts of Johor, Perak and Selangor and cities such as Kuala Lumpur.

The Dutch needed many labourers for their plantations and moved many Javanese under the program as contract workers, mostly to other parts of the colony in Sumatra.

[24] The Javanese presence in Australia has been reported by native Southeast Asian and European people over several centuries.

Javanese workers were sent to plantations administrated by the Dutch colonial government in New Caledonia, a French territory.

In the mid-19th century, they came and worked as ironsmiths, leather makers as well as spice merchants and religious books dealers.

Interviews conducted showed that a majority of them were young men of Javanese descent from Johore who wanted to find a better life in Singapore.

[34] The community's earliest members were enslaved Javanese transported by the Dutch East India Company (VOC).

[35] Key figures in the arrival of Islam were Muslim leaders who resisted the company's rule in Southeast Asia.

Some, like Sheikh Yusuf, were exiled to South Africa by the company, which founded and used Cape Town as a resupply station for ships travelling between Europe and Asia.

However, Sri Lanka has had a longer history of Malay presence dating back to as early as the 13th century.

In 1890, the influential Netherlands Trading Society, owner of the plantation Mariënburg in Suriname, undertook a test to attract Javanese indentured workers from the Dutch East Indies.

The recruited workers and their families awaited their departure in a depot, where they were inspected and registered and where they signed their contract.