Jean-Paul Harroy (4 May 1909 – 8 July 1995) was a Belgian colonial civil servant who served as the last Governor and only Resident-General of Ruanda-Urundi.

His term coincided with the Rwandan Revolution and the assassination of the popular Burundian political leader Prince Louis Rwagasore.

His thesis addressed soil erosion in Central Africa and was entitled Afrique, terre qui meurt, la dégradation des sols africains sous l'influence de la colonisation ("Africa, a dying land: The Degradation of African Soils under the Influence of Colonization").

This thesis had a certain international impact, both in the United States and in the Soviet Union, and Harroy was widely seen as a leading expert on applied ecology in Africa.

[5] Prior to his execution, the assassin Jean (Ioannis) Kageorgis explicitly accused Harroy and Roberto Régnier of responsibility in the murder.