[4] He completed his master's thesis at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in San José, Costa Rica, and received his doctorate at the Graduate Institute of International Studies.
[3][5] He became professor of public international law and director of the Human Rights Center at Queen's University Belfast.
He subsequently became professor of public international law at the Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery and Emancipation at the University of Hull, and associate professor at the Center for Human Rights at the University of Pretoria, South Africa.
[6] Since 2015, he has been special advisor to Anti-Slavery International, the world's oldest human rights organization.
[8] In 2008, the Australian Supreme Court established the legal applicability of the 1926 definition of slavery to contemporary situations on the basis of these guidelines.