Jerusalem cross

[1] Widely popularized during the Christian Crusades in the Holy Land, it was used as the emblem and coat of arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem after 1099.

Other modern usages include on the national flag of Georgia, the Episcopal Church Service Cross, and as a white supremacist symbol by some groups in the United States.

The "cross-and-crosslets" or Tealby pennies minted under Henry II of England during 1158–1180 have the "Jerusalem cross" on the obverse, with the four crosslets depicted as decussate (diagonal).

[2] The Gelre Armorial (14th century) attributes to the "emperors of Constantinople" (the Latin Empire) a variant of the Jerusalem cross with the four crosslets inscribed in circles.

There is a historiographical tradition that Peter the Great flew a flag with a variant of the Jerusalem cross in his campaign in the White Sea in 1693.

[12] Twenty years later, his son George V would make a similar journey and also get a tattoo of the Jerusalem Cross to commemorate his experience.

[18] The Jerusalem cross is also the symbol of Kairos, a four-day Jesuit retreat that is held for youth in high schools and parishes around the world.

[20][21] Matthew Taylor, from the Institute for Islamic, Christian and Jewish Studies, said that the Jerusalem cross "doesn’t always necessarily connote an endorsement of the Crusades" but far-right and neo-Nazi groups use the symbol.

[20] Additionally, Politifact reported that flags bearing the Crusader cross and “Deus Vult” were flown during the same "white supremacist rally.

"[17] The president and executive director of the Center for Peace Diplomacy said the cross used in combination with "Deus Vult" are "an invocation of the claim that crusader violence and its atrocities (including the massacre of civilians) was legitimate".

[17] Podcaster Brad Onishi stated the Jerusalem cross and the Deus Vult are "symbols that are used by white Christian nationalists.

Jerusalem cross based on a cross potent (as commonly realised in early modern heraldry)
The national flag of Georgia
Jerusalem cross on a silver coin of James II of Cyprus (1463–1473)
Jerusalem cross of five Greek crosses (late medieval variant)
The conventional coat of arms of the Kingdom of Jerusalem [ 2 ]
Depiction of the Jerusalem cross on a red (rather than silver) shield as the coat of arms of Godfrey of Bouillon in a 14th-century miniature. [ 3 ]
Godfrey of Bouillon as depicted in a fresco of the Nine Worthies at the Castello della Manta , ca. 1420.