[3] The origins of jingtang jiaoyu date to the 16th century, when Hui scholar Hu Dengzhou returned to China after studying abroad in Central Asia and the Middle East for several years.
[4] It also encouraged translations of Persian and Arabic texts and other religious material into literary Chinese with a Neo-Confucian style, in where the Han Kitab would later emerge from.
Jingtang jiaoyu would see further expansion during the transitional Ming to Qing period and many prominent Chinese Muslim scholars and thinkers arose.
[3] Jingtang jiaoyu is the form of Sunni Islamic education taught in Xi'an, Shaanxi, by Ahongs to Chinese Muslim students.
Hanafi Sunni Sunnaitis (Yihewani adherents) criticize the Gedimu for practicing Islamic customs influenced by Chinese culture, including jingtang jiaoyu.