Beginning in 1845 he worked as a lecturer of pathology at the Senckenberg Institute of Anatomy.
From 1851 he taught classes in anatomy and subsequently became director of the institute, a position he maintained up until his death.
In 1863 he obtained the title of professor, and in 1869 began teaching anatomy classes at the Städel Art Institute.
[1][2] In collaboration with sculptor Eduard Schmidt von der Launitz, he developed improved methods for drawing anatomical objects.
[1][2] Lucae was one of the 56 founding members of the Freies Deutsches Hochstift (Free German Foundation).