John Samuel Peters (September 21, 1772 – March 30, 1858) was an American politician, a member of the National Republican and later Whig parties, and the 26th Governor of Connecticut.

He worked on a farm, attended the district schools, taught school in Hebron in 1790, studied medicine under Dr. Benjamin Rush of Marbletown, N.Y., for six months and then under Dr. Abner Mosely of Glastonbury, Conn.; in 1796 attended lectures in Philadelphia, Pa., and practised in Hebron, from 1797 to 1837.

[2] Peters was town clerk for twenty years, judge of probate for the district of Hebron, and frequently a member of the state legislature.

He received the votes of one branch of the state legislature in 1824, when Calvin Willey was elected.

During his term, Connecticut's first railroads were authorized and private enterprise was promoted.