Vingegaard, whose youth career initially saw little success, made his Grand Tour debut at the 2020 Vuelta a España.

In early 2022, he was appointed Team Jumbo–Visma's co-team captain alongside Primož Roglič ahead of the 2022 Tour de France.

[16] Vingegaard was a spectator, alongside his father, when the first stage of 2007 Danmark Rundt departed on 1 August from Thisted, the main town in the region.

In the spring, he finished on the podium at a race in Aalborg, and in May, he won a section of Pinse Cuppen in Hammel, where the riders had to climb the famed local hill Pøt Mølle several times.

[22] In order to structure his daily life, Andersen had Vingegaard start a job at a fish factory, Chrisfish in Hanstholm.

[24] In 2016, at age 19, he also accomplished his first major international result, finishing second in the UCI 2.1 level race Tour of China I.

[20][26] Before the injury, he finished in fourth place overall and won the youth competition in the French stage race Tour du Loir-et-Cher.

On a training trip to Spain in early March 2018, Vingegaard set the time record on the test climb Coll de Rates.

He cycled the 6.5 kilometers in 13.02 minutes, which was 12 seconds faster than the previous record holder Tejay van Garderen.

He also completed his first Grand Tour, the 2020 Vuelta a España, where he rode as a domestique for Primož Roglič, who went on to win the race overall.

[31] On stage 5, a 27.2-kilometre (16.9 mi) individual time trial, Vingegaard finished third to enter the top ten on GC.

After the stage, Roglič withdrew from the race due to his injuries, leaving Vingegaard as the team's only general classification contender.

On stage 17, which finished atop Col du Portet, Vingegaard and Richard Carapaz were the only ones able to follow Pogačar's attack.

Team Jumbo-Visma dominated the 2022 Critérium du Dauphiné where Vingegaard finished 2nd behind teammate Roglič, and won the queen stage of the race.

[39] He started the Tour de France in strong form with Pogačar being the only GC rider finishing ahead of him after the opening stage individual time trial.

[40] Thanks in part to the powerful effort of Wout van Aert near the end of the stage, Vingegaard lost little time.

Over the next few stages, Pogačar made a few attacks, which forced open small gaps with the other top-placed GC riders, but Vingegaard was able to respond to each of them.

[43] Fortunately for Vingegaard the team's strongest mountain climbing domestique, Sepp Kuss, was riding with good form and would be there to start the third week.

On stage 17 Vingegaard was the only rider to stay with the UAE Team Emirates combination of Pogačar and Brandon McNulty up the final climb.

[51][52] Vingegaard started off the 2023 season in late February at the O Gran Camiño stage race in Galicia, Spain.

[57] At the Tour de France, Vingegaard started strong, attacking on stage 5, 1.5 km (0.93 mi) from the summit of the Marie-Blanque, and gaining over a minute on Pogačar.

Despite losing time to Pogačar, Vingegaard took the yellow jersey with a 25-second lead as the overnight leader Hindley dropped to third overall.

Pogačar rode first and set what appeared to be a strong result, taking the stage lead by 1:13 over Wout van Aert.

[60] Vingegaard described the stage win as "one of my best days on the bike ever," and commentators widely agreed it was one of the best and most shocking time trial performances in the history of the Tour.

[66] In 2024, Vingegaard again began his season at the O Gran Camiño from 22 to 25 February, where he won the general, mountain, and points classifications.

The crash was noted for its severity, affecting other competitors including Primož Roglič, Remco Evenepoel and Jay Vine.

[71][72] On 20 June, Vingegaard was confirmed in Visma-Lease a Bike's Tour de France line-up, ending weeks of speculation about his fitness.

[76] Following the victory, Vingegaard chose to end his 2024 season, notably skipping the Vuelta a España and the World Championships.

[79] Afterwards, he enrolled in Thisted Handelsgymnasium for secondary education, attending the Higher Commercial Examination Programme (HHX).