Following an alleged visit to the Soviet Union, he shifted, to the shock and horror of his surrealist colleagues, from Stalinism towards Carlism, the Catholic Church in Spain, and the Agrarian Party.

According to the family legend the forefathers of José María[1] descended from Moctezuma; according to historical records the Carvajals were first noted in Málaga province in the 16th century, having founded the town of Campillos.

Vaguely anchored in Andalusian rural myths it embraced aspects of the eclectic avant-garde, including dadaism, futurism and expressionism;[30] apart from juvenile poems contributed by its founders, the periodical also printed works of García Lorca, Laffón Zambrano and Salazar Chapela.

[31] Hinojosa's writing matured in Paris, where he joined the circle of young Spanish artists: apart from already befriended Prados and Lorca the group included Buñuel, Dalí and a number of later famous writers and painters.

[32] Though styled after Rimbaud,[33] in terms of poetry Hinojosa was described as a surrealist;[34] the poems he contributed to reviews like La Verdad or Verso y prosa,[35] but especially the volumes he published in 1925–1927, are considered a stepping stone towards full literary maturity.

He contributed as editor and poet, specifically involved in the 1929 commemorative issue dedicated to Góngora; at that time he also engaged financially[38] and entered the board;[39] later Hinojosa intended to launch a strictly surrealist periodical.

Hinojosa reinforced this image by staging social provocations scandalizing both iconic intellectuals like Valle-Inclan[41] and plain rural Andalusians; he was willingly assisted by acquaintances like Dalí and his new female partner Gala.

Though admitted to their inner circle,[43] behind his back and to some extent also up front he was ridiculed as a wealthy señorito[44] and mocked as a poor author who fathered disastrous poetry, never really a genuine member of the group;[45] Diego, Lorca, Dalí or Buñuel used to denigrate him.

[46] Many treated him as a sponsor rather than as a fellow writer;[47] they stayed at his premises, travelled with him and dined at his cost,[48] considering it useful to be on close terms with "bohemian with the current account"; some re-paid with own works, and this is how Hinojosa gathered a collection of paintings of Miró, Picasso, Gris, Dalí and Bores.

[55] Early poems, from these printed in Ambos to Poema del Campo (1925),[56] are anchored in rural myths and set in capacity perceptive of an unspecified territory, largely bucolic and lyrical.

[67] They were, to a large extent, within the surrealist framework, featuring its trademark motives like mutilations and fragmented body parts; the fact that this poetry retained classic metrum is thought to be demonstrative of Hinojosa's synthetic ambitions.

[68] La Flor de Californía,[69] considered the first surrealist work in Spain,[70] is his sole prosaic volume; it contains seven dream narratives and seven oneiric texts; the former retain some bizarre linear coherence, while the latter come close to so-called automatic writing.

[71] The prose explores typical surrealist imagery:[72] antireligious motives,[73] black humor, objective chance and subterranean dream-worlds, containing also a series of apocalyptic visions.

[81] Until the early 1930s Hinojosa did not engage in politics, though his literary stand – especially anti-religious threads, but also social provocations aimed against perceived bourgeoisie mentality – was clearly suggesting left-wing preferences;[82] reportedly he also considered collectivization of family estates and might have visited the USSR to gain familiarity with the Soviet scheme.

It is underlined that a love affair with Ana Freüller, apart from being an aviation pioneer a fairly typical wealthy girl who loathed his poetry, might have contributed to this shift in political preference.

José María Lamamié de Clairac, a landholder and a friend of his father, was at the time combining syndicate activity in agrarian groupings with political engagement in Carlism; it was him who convinced Hinojosa to follow suit.

[98] Since January 1932 he was taking part in Comunión Tradicionalista gatherings;[99] in July 1932 he was already recorded delivering a lecture which hailed Catholic virtues of patriotic women, who bravely confronted renegade liberalism,[100] and in early August he organized Carlist meetings in Málaga himself.

[102] Gaining recognition in nationwide Traditionalist press[103] Hinojosa was getting identified as a belligerent "derechista” by the authorities; though he had nothing to do with Sanjurjada, in its aftermath he was detained and spent 2 weeks in a local prison, locked up with other Andalusian Carlists genuinely involved in the coup.

[108] In parallel Hinojosa hectically worked to build agrarian syndicates through meetings, speeches, and writings,[109] and as a Carlist representative he animated the Málaga branch of Acción Popular.

Some sources claim he defended Campillos peasants charged with assault and robbery[120] yet the press noted that he called Guardia Civil against those who occupied his estates, an intervention which resulted in bloody confrontation.

[126] Following triumph of Frente Popular Hinojosa was hectically involved in agrarian syndicates, demanding re-introduction of public order and revision of rural labor contracts.

Following the Nationalist conquest of Málaga the remnants were exhumed and Salvador Hinojosa was recognized thanks to a handkerchief in his pocket; it was assumed that two mostly decomposed corpses of young males next to his body were these of Francisco and José María.

Some Traditionalist sites honor him as "their man",[169] while certain progressive authors present Hinojosa as a martyr who dedicated his life to fighting imperialism, nationalism and the Church;[170] others imply his homosexuality.

[171] The Málaga San Rafael cemetery, where Hinojosa was executed, was doted in 2014 with a monument-mausoleum to honor "those who gave their life in defense of freedom and democracy and whose remains rest here or in other sites".