A series diplomatic ventures illustrate the persistence of Joseon's sadae (serving the great) diplomacy in dealings with China.
This long-term, strategic policy contrasts with the gyorin (kyorin) (neighborly relations) diplomacy in dealings with Jurchen, Japan, Ryukyu Kingdom, Siam and Java.
[2] The unique nature of these bilateral diplomatic exchanges evolved from a conceptual framework developed by the Chinese.
In 1403, the Yongle Emperor conveyed a patent and a gold seal to Taejong of Joseon, thus confirming his status and that of his dynasty.
[5] In this period, Joseon merchants of Gaeseong and Hanyang competed for profits; and they even accompanied the envoy missions to China in their search for new opportunities for financial gain.