Kadane was born in Washington, DC and raised in Freeport on Long Island.
in mathematics from Harvard College and a Ph.D. in statistics from Stanford in 1966, under the supervision of Professor Herman Chernoff.
While in graduate school, Kadane worked for the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA).
Upon finishing, he accepted a joint appointment at the Yale statistics department and the Cowles Foundation.
In 1971, he moved to Pittsburgh to join Morris H. DeGroot at Carnegie Mellon University.