Joseph Henderson (August 2, 1791 – December 25, 1863) was a Jacksonian member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

He attended the public schools and graduated from the Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia in 1813.

During the War of 1812, he was commissioned first lieutenant in the Twenty-second Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, in the spring of 1813.

He settled at Browns Mills, Pennsylvania, at the close of the war and engaged in the practice of medicine.

A. Henderson (1816-1875) was a navy surgeon and notable collector of biological specimens.