The lower bound on the size of these errors can be made smaller by increasing the energy of the control system.

This has led Gea-Banacloche to predict a minimum energy requirement for quantum computation, which has given rise to some controversy.

[1] He received his BS from Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 1979; and obtained his PhD under Marlan O. Scully, 1985, on free-electron lasers, from the University of New Mexico with a thesis entitled: Quantum Theory of the Free-Electron Laser.

In 1985–1987, he served as a research associate, Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics.

In 1988-1990 he was a staff scientist, Instituto de Optica, Madrid, Spain.