Julius Bien

Julius Bien (27 September 1826, Naumburg – 21 December 1909, Manhattan, New York) was an American lithographer originally from Germany, as well as president of B’nai B’rith for more than three decades.

John Woodhouse Audubon died in 1862, indebted, ending all prospects of finishing it, and there was significant financial insecurity at a time of war.

At the same time, ornithological tastes changed with the work of Spencer Fullerton Baird, who introduced greater scientific accuracy.

Still, the Bien edition remains an important publication: his illustrations "represent the highest standard chromolithography had achieved, and even now they stand as a landmark to the medium.

Bien pushed against the limits of available technology with intuitive artistry in an effort to provide information and aesthetic pleasure to the mass audience of a democratic society".