Jungle revolutionaries Supported by: Russian Empire (1915–17) British Empire Qajar Persia (1918–20) Mirza Kuchik Khan Supported by: Nisar Muhammad Yousafzai Gen. Nikolai Baratov (1915) Col. Lazar Bicherakhov (1918) Maj. Gen. Lionel Dunsterville (1918) Hassan Vosugh al-Dowleh (1918–20) The Jangal (Jungle) Movement (Persian: جنبش جنگل), in Gilan, was a rebellion against the monarchist rule of the central government of the Sublime State of Iran, which lasted from 1915 to 1921.

[5] Even so, Hooshang Amirahmadi describes the movement's leaders as "merchants and landlords" and Mirza as part of the "democratic wing" of the Iranian bourgeoisie.

While they were described as "small landowners in Gilan" that advocated armed insurgency, they were strong enough to resist the advances of the Russian Empire, leading the British to become the major military presence in the region instead.

[7][8][9][10] After the Russian Revolution in 1917, Marxists within Iran became more organized and began collaborating with the Jangal movement, with many of these new revolutionaries directly influenced by the Bolsheviks.

[6][12] Still, they drew up a proposed constitution which accepted "private property in land" with certain limitations but also called for equality, majority rule, and freedom.

Even with this, the Jangalis failed to change relations between landlords and peasants, but they did continue to hold an anti-absolutist, anti-imperialist, and nationalist position displayed in their newspaper, Jangal, launched in 1917.

Many prominent members of the movement such as Haj Ahmad Kasmai and Dr Talequani Heshmat surrendered, with 270 troops, and the latter was executed by the Qajar government despite the immunity that he was granted.