The rebels then convened the Grand Majles of 500 delegates from different backgrounds, which placed Ahmad Shah, Mohammad Ali's eleven-year-old son, on the Sun Throne.

Due to his young age, his uncle, Ali Reza Khan Azod al-Molk, governed as regent.

The newly born Soviet Union responded by annexing portions of northern Persia as buffer states much like its Tsarist predecessor.

Marching on Tehran, the Soviets extracted ever more humiliating concessions from the Iranian government – whose ministers Ahmad Shah was often unable to control.

The weakness of the government in the face of such aggression by an atheist foreign power sparked seething anger among many traditional Iranians – including the young Ruhollah Khomeini, who would later condemn both Communism and monarchy as treason against Iran's sovereignty and the laws of Islam.

The weak economic state of Iran put Ahmad Shah and his government at the mercy of foreign influence; they had to obtain loans from the Imperial Bank of Persia.

This agreement canceled all previous treaties between the two countries and also gave Persia full and equal shipping rights in the Caspian Sea.

Ahmad Shah's apparent lack of interest in attending to the affairs of the state and poor health had prompted him to leave Iran on an extended trip to Europe.

Later, the formal termination of the Qajar dynasty by the Majles turned Ahmad Shah's 1923 European tour into exile.