Koganei Yoshikiyo (小金井 良精, January 17, 1859 – October 16, 1944) was a Japanese anatomist and anthropologist of the Meiji period.

After studying Ainu skeletons in 1888, he began working in anthropology.

From 1893 to 1896, he served as the Imperial University medical college president, and in 1893 he established Japanese Association of Anatomists.

His wife was Koganei Kimiko, an essayist, poet and younger sister of writer Mori Ōgai.

A statue of Koganei Yoshikiyo is owned by the University of Tokyo.