Kazan School

Mikołaj Kruszewski, Vasilii Alekseevich Bogoroditskii, Sergeĭ Konstantinovich Bulich, and Aleksandr Ivanovic Aleksandrov are usually considered members.

[1]: 69, 74  However, work in the Kazan School did not have a wide impact and was not very accessible, but was known by Roman Jakobson.

[1]: 96 An aim of the Kazan School was to provide a theory of language, and make linguistics explanatory.

[1]: 76  Some terminology created in the school was Kruszewski's distinction of two types of 'association': association by simultaneity or parallelism, and association by sequence or juxtaposition - corresponding to Saussure's distinction between paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations.

[1]: 80  Baudouin de Courtenay used the notion of phoneme from Saussure's historical work, but cast it in synchronic terms to use it in his description of the psychophonetics.