The major clans in the District Khyber are Shinwari, Afridi, Mulagori and Shalmani.

All Afridi clans have their own areas in the Tirah Valley, and most of them extend down into the Khyber Pass over which they have always exercised the right of toll.

The Malikdin Khel live in the centre of the Tirah and hold Bagh, the traditional meeting place of Afridi jirgas or assemblies.

[12] Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, Lashkar-e-Islam and Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi militants began entering Khyber Agency after the US-led NATO invasion of Afghanistan in 2001.

[citation needed] After 2007, the militants began attacking the government and military establishments in the KPK province, killing many people and wounding many more.

The Pakistan Army began an operation in 2008 to clear the agency of militants and restore normal life in the area.

The operation continued for years and resulted in the killing of hundreds of TTP militants and Pakistan Army soldiers.

The local Aman Lashkars or peace committees supported the army by fighting the foreign terrorists.

[13] In October 2014, Pakistan Armed Forces launched a military offensive in Khyber Agency code-named Operation Khyber-1.