He was born in 1859 in Azabu Shin-ami-machi, Edo, as the third son of Seiwemon Fukunaga, a shogunate retainer, and was adopted by the Ogyū family and succeeded to their family.
After graduating from Chiba Prefectural Chiba Middle School (now Chiba Prefectural Chiba Junior and Senior High School [ja]) and Seventh Higher School Zoshikan (now Kagoshima University), he entered Kyoto Imperial University (now Kyoto University) Medical School, graduating in 1922 and joining Junjiro Shimazono [ja]'s Internal Medicine Department.
He then engaged in research at the Department of Pharmacology, which was led by Kurata Morishima.
He received the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Rosette in 1966.
His achievements include synthesis of antimony-hexonate and treatment of schistosoma japonicum infection, as well as autonomic and central nervous system pharmacology, especially analgesics.