On June 16, 2024, Jocelyn Nungaray, a 12-year-old American girl, was sexually assaulted and killed in North Houston, Texas, United States.

United States Border Patrol apprehended Johan José Martínez-Rangel near El Paso on March 14, but he was released that same day, on an order of recognizance, with a notice to appear in court at a later date.

U.S. Border Patrol arrested Franklin José Peña Ramos on May 28, also near El Paso, but he was also released with a notice to appear in court at a later date.

[11] Houston Mayor John Whitmire had wanted both defendants to be held without bail indefinitely; on June 24, bond was set at $10 million for Peña.

[12][13] In the bail hearing on June 23, Harris County Assistant District Attorney Kim Ogg stated that Peña had told police that he had kissed the victim, but that Martínez-Rangel was responsible for the murder and assault.

Martínez-Rangel appeared in court the next day, and admitted to tying the victim's legs together and ordering Peña to throw her into a nearby creek.

[24] Texas Senator Ted Cruz announced the "Justice for Jocelyn" act in July 2024 that would introduce harsher measures against illegal immigrants.