King-in-Parliament

Bills passed by the houses are sent to the sovereign or their representative (such as the governor-general, lieutenant-governor, or governor), for royal assent in order to enact them into law as acts of Parliament.

The assembling of the King, Lords, and Commons as the King-in-Parliament is now "notional rather than real",[9] only occurring ceremonially at the annual State Opening of Parliament.

[13] The Parliamentarian view was that legislative authority was exercised by the "King-in-Parliament”, a composite institution of the King, Lords, and Commons acting together.

[17] The concept of the King-in-Parliament holding supreme legislative authority is a core tenet of the Constitution of the United Kingdom and has application in the Westminster system more generally.

The Parliament of Canada may be referred to as the King-in-Parliament,[4] and its three-part composition is based on "the British model of legislative sovereignty vesting in the [King]-in-Parliament".

[4] Legal scholar Paul McHugh describes Canada as having "a crisis of constitutional identity" in the later 20th century, finding "the old Whig narrative of an absolute sovereign self (the Crown in Parliament)" to be inadequate.

The Canadian response was to "not seek to refurbish a historical order so much as to fundamentally reorder it by adopting the Charter of Rights and Freedoms limiting the power of government, the Crown in Parliament (federal and provincial) included.

McHugh describes New Zealand, like Canada, as finding the concept of Crown in Parliament (as it had previously been conceived) to be inadequate in the late 20th century.