[2] The Kinta Valley Conurbation is officially known as Zon Promosi Pembangunan (ZPP) Ipoh in the fourth National Physical Plan (NPP-4).

[3] Centred in the city of Ipoh, the metropolitan area spans all of Batu Gajah and Kampar, as well as parts of Kuala Kangsar, Perak Tengah and Manjung municipalities.

[7] In the nineteenth century, Mandailing migrants from Sumatra were observed using the tabuk mine, which is an excavated pit from which water is removed by cantilevered baskets.

Hailing from the farmlands of Guangdong, the Chinese mining workers at first used agricultural implements such as hoes, rakes and baskets to excavate the earth.

The second tin rush lasted from 1889 to 1895, and was characterised by small gangs of tributers using the wooden sluice box (lanchut kechil).

[9] There were many successful Chinese miners too like Eu Tong Sen, Chop Thai Lee, Chung Thye Phin, Au Moh Yi, Yau Tet Shin, Khi Ho Nin, Shak Yin Fuk,[10] Lam Look Ing and Aw Kong.