Knowledge management
It alludes to a multidisciplinary strategy that maximizes knowledge utilization to accomplish organizational goals.
Numerous academic institutions provide master's degrees specifically focused on knowledge management.
These initiatives are similar to organizational learning, but they can be differentiated by their increased emphasis on knowledge management as a strategic asset and information sharing.
[1][2] With increased use of computers in the second half of the 20th century, specific adaptations of technologies such as knowledge bases, expert systems, information repositories, group decision support systems, intranets, and computer-supported cooperative work have been introduced to further enhance such efforts.
[3] In the enterprise, early collections of case studies recognised the importance of knowledge management dimensions of strategy, process and measurement.
[4][5] Key lessons learned include people and the cultural norms which influence their behaviors are the most critical resources for successful knowledge creation, dissemination and application; cognitive, social and organisational learning processes are essential to the success of a knowledge management strategy; and measurement, benchmarking and incentives are essential to accelerate the learning process and to drive cultural change.
[5] In short, knowledge management programs can yield impressive benefits to individuals and organisations if they are purposeful, concrete and action-orientated.
[7] It was initially supported by individual practitioners, when Skandia hired Leif Edvinsson of Sweden as the world's first chief knowledge officer (CKO).
[1] Gradually, CKOs became interested in practical and theoretical aspects of KM, and the new research field was formed.
[13] Third, the number of academic knowledge management journals has been steadily growing, currently reaching 27 outlets.
[3][35] More recently, together with Georg von Krogh and Sven Voelpel, Nonaka returned to his earlier work in an attempt to move the debate about knowledge conversion forward.
[33][39] Collaborative environments such as communities of practice or the use of social computing tools can be used for both knowledge creation and transfer.
[25] Organisations have tried knowledge capture incentives, including making content submission mandatory and incorporating rewards into performance measurement plans.
[45] Codification means a system-oriented method in KM strategy for managing explicit knowledge with organizational objectives.
[45] Codification focuses on collecting and storing codified knowledge in electronic databases to make it accessible.
[49] Other knowledge management strategies and instruments for companies include:[41][20][26] Multiple motivations lead organisations to undertake KM.
[31] Typical considerations include:[26][53] Knowledge management (KM) technology can be categorised: These categories overlap.
Workflow, for example, is a significant aspect of content or document management systems, most of which have tools for developing enterprise portals.
3) A unique individual or group of humans' perceptual system lacks adequate contact points or does not fit incoming information to use and transform it to knowledge.
For example, Dalkir talks about knowledge capture, sharing and acquisition and Doan et al. introduces initiation, implementation and evaluation.
[71][72] Furthermore, Levy introduces three steps (scope, transfer, integration) but also recognizes a "zero stage" for initiation of the project.
For instance, within the software development industry, knowledge audits can play a pivotal role due to the inherently knowledge-intensive nature of the work.
The difference arises from the fact that in software development companies, the skills, expertise, and intellectual capital, often overshadow the value of physical assets.
This includes identifying and defining these assets, understanding their behavior and properties, and describing how, when, why, and where they are used in business processes.
Knowledge protection can be for example a patent, copyright, trademark, lead time or secrecy held by a company or an individual.
[79] While knowledge may eventually become public in some form or another, formal protection mechanisms are necessary to prevent competitors from directly utilizing it for their own gain.
[84] Informal knowledge protection methods can take various forms, such as: secrecy, social norms and values, complexity, lead-time and Human resource management.
