There are many dialects, and villages even a few kilometers apart frequently have to rely on a separate common language.
Makyam is most closely related to Leinong (Htangan) (Naw Sawu 2016:6).
Below is a classification of the Northern Naga (Konyak) languages by Hsiu (2018) based on a computational phylogenetic analysis.
Chang may have originally been a Konyak-Wancho language that was heavily influenced by Ponyo-Khiamniungan-Lainong.
The homeland of Northern Naga is placed in the Lahe Township area.