Kovno Governorate[a] was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Kovno (Kaunas).

It was formed on 18 December 1842 by Tsar Nicholas I from the western part of Vilna Governorate, and the order was carried out on 1 July 1843.

It was part of the Vilna Governorate-General and Northwestern Krai.

The governorate included almost the entire Lithuanian region of Samogitia and the northern part of Aukštaitija.

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