Despite the failure of the indigenous people, who were eventually crushed by the military alliance of Spanish and Creoles, thoughts of independence continued flourishing.

It was not until fall 1807, when Napoleon moved French troops through Spain to invade Portugal, and Spanish authority had been fatally weakened, that the prospect of independence re-emerged in the native imagination.

José Manuel de Goyeneche, despite suspected of having Carlists sympathies, was called forward to lead royalist forces against the insurgents.

While many revolutionaries enlisted and marched to Chacaltaya to await enemy troops, a counter-revolution, led by Pedro Indaburo, broiled in the capital.

In Lima, in particular, whose wealth and influence had declined since the Bourbon repartitioning of South America, people placed their hopes not in the seemingly-illusory promises of independence but rather in the rewards that could be secured by loyalty to the Spanish Crown.