Lacetani

[3] Surviving mentions in Livy suggest their neighbors, and possibly relatives or confederates, were the Ilergetes, Bergistani or Bargusii, Ausetani and Suessetani,[4] who together populated the district at the foot of the Pyrenees, and north of the river Ebro.

[17] Finally Livy writes of their part in the Iberian revolt of 197-195 BCE, and an attack that Cato the elder led on their city with Suessetani auxiliaries on his side.

"[23] In another epigram, welcoming one Licinianus on his retirement from Rome's senate, Martial painted a scene from this country's life: "And when rimy December and winter wild shall howl with the hoarse North Wind, you will go back to the sunny shores of Tarraco and your own Laletania.

There you will slaughter deer snared in soft-meshed toils and native boars and run the cunning hare to death with your stout horse (stags you will leave to the bailiff).

The focal point of Martial's Laletania might be found through recent research on Laeetanian wine-making, which became a major export industry in the relevant period.

[27] Emil Hübner sought to identify the Lacetani with the Iacetani in most of the classical references, where the geographic context or progression of the text allows to link it to the mountainous region north of Caesaraugusta.

The description of the Lacetani as living at the foot of the Pyrenees, with the Ausetani, Laeetani and Suessetani on their east, the Cerretani on their north, and Ilergetes on their west (across the river Segre), was taken as consistent and complementing across several geographical passages from Livy, Pliny and Strabo.

Other passages were interpreted as confused in the original texts: Ptolemy's list of cities, of which about seven are tentatively identified, as Lacetanian territories, which Ptolemy must have confusedly ascribed to the Iacetani; Pliny's listing of cities under the conventus of Caesaraugusta and that of Tarraconensis; and since the Laeetani, on the coast, turn out to be adjacent to the Lacetani, Barbieri found the references to the episodes of Pompey and Sextus Pompey as ambiguous in their localization; however, Hannibal's episode agrees with the geographical descriptions, and Cato's has to be assigned to the real Lacetani, too.

Finally, the Lacetani may actually be a substituent of the Ilergetes, or at least closely related, which would explain both the double identification of Indibilis and Mandonius, and why Greek geographers did not list them by name.